Section ANK: Descendants of Adam Stanley
David Thaler
18043 NE 132nd St, Redmond WA 98052
Send questions and corrections to: dthaler1968@gmail.com
Report generated by MagiCensus Deluxe v5.5.5 on 16 Sept. 2024
http://www.themagikey.com/
From Thaler_export.ged
Generation One
1. ADAM1 STANLEY has an unknown birthdate.
Accompanied William the Conqueror.[7]
Child:
Generation Two
2. ADAM2 STANLEY (Adam1), son of (1) Adam1 STANLEY, has an unknown birthdate.
[4]
Child:
Generation Three
3. WILLIAM3 STANLEY (Adam2,
Adam1), son of (2) Adam2 STANLEY, has an unknown birthdate.
[7]
Child:
Generation Four
4. WILLIAM4 STANLEY (William3,
Adam2,
Adam1), son of (3) William3 STANLEY, has an unknown birthdate.
[7]
Child:
Generation Five
5. WILLIAM5 STANLEY (William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1), son of (4) William4 STANLEY, has an unknown birthdate.
[7]
Child:
Generation Six
6. ADAM6 STANLEY (William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1), son of (5) William5 STANLEY, has an unknown birthdate.
[7]
Child:
Generation Seven
7. SIR WILLIAM7 STANLEY (Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1), son of (6) Adam6 STANLEY, has an unknown birthdate.
He married (DG-2) JOAN BAMVILLE, daughter of (DG-1) Sir Thomas and (AMA-3) Agnes (de STOURTON).
[7, 45]
granted Arms in 1316 by Edward I
Child:
Generation Eight
8. JOHN8 STANLEY (William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1) of Stourton, son of (7) Sir William7 and (DG-2) Joan (BAMVILLE), was born between 1189/90 and 1346, and died between 1249/50 and 1456.
He married (UH-2) MABELL HANSHETT, daughter of (UH-1) Sir James.
[7, 45]
Child:
Generation Nine
9. SIR WILLIAM9 STANLEY (John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1) of Stourton, son of (8) John8 and (UH-2) Mabell (HANSHETT) STANLEY, was born between 1293/4 and 1346, and died in 1360[10].
He married of Timperley, about 1357, (ABU-2) ALICE DE MASCY of Timperley, daughter of (ABU-1) Hugh DE MASCY, who was born about 1339[51] of Timperley[51].
[7, 47, 50]
Lord of Stanley & Hooten
Children:
+ | 10 | i. | WILLIAM10 STANLEY of Stourton, b. about 1360[51] of Stourton[49]; d. in Feb. 1428[51]; m. in 1404 (VP-3) MARGERY DE HOOTON of Hooton, Cheshire, b. of Hooton[51] about 1364[51], daughter of (VP-2) William and (ZG-2) Margrett (LEFTWICH) DE HOOTON. |
+ | 11 | ii. | SIR JOHN STANLEY of Lathom, Lancashire, England, b. about 1362[51] of Lathom; d. on 6 JAN 1413/4[9] in Ardee, Louth, Ireland[9]; m. in 1385[31] (G-23) ISABELLE DE LATHAM of Lathom, d. on 26 Oct. 1414[9], daughter of (G-20) Sir Thomas and (ARC-10) Joan (VENABLES). |
| 12 | iii. | HENRY STANLEY, b. about 1364 in Storeton, Cheshire; d. about 1400. |
| 13 | iv. | MATILDA DE STANLEY, b. about 1358 in Storeton; d. about 1400. |
Generation Ten
10. WILLIAM10 STANLEY (William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1) of Stourton, son of (9) Sir William9 and (ABU-2) Alice (de MASCY), was born between 1342/3 and 1361[51] of Stourton[49], and died in Feb. 1428[51].
He married in 1404, (VP-3) MARGERY DE HOOTON of Hooton, daughter of (VP-2) William and (ZG-2) Margrett (LEFTWICH) DE HOOTON, who was born about 1364[51] of Hooton[51].
[50]
Children:
11. SIR JOHN10 STANLEY (William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1) of Lathom, son of (9) Sir William9 and (ABU-2) Alice (de MASCY), was born between 1342/3 and 1361[51] of Lathom, and died on 6 JAN 1413/4[9] in Ardee[9].
He married in 1385[31], (G-23) ISABELLE DE LATHAM of Lathom, daughter of (G-20) Sir Thomas and (ARC-10) Joan (VENABLES), who died on 26 Oct. 1414[9].
[7, 16, 31, 40, 46, 50]
K.G. 1355-1414. Knighted under Edward III and became a Court Favorite.
Appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.[4]
Constable of Windsor Castle; Steward of the King's Household
(Descendants of Charlemagne, Lansing FHC)
Children:
+ | 16 | i. | SIR JOHN11 STANLEY of Burbage, Lancaster, England, b. in 1386 of Burbage; d. about 1440[9]; m. ISABEL HARINGTON. |
+ | 17 | ii. | THOMAS STANLEY of Elford, Staffordshire, England, b. about 1380/1 of Elford[48]; d. on 13 May 1463[24]; m. (1) before 1 May 1413[24] (BS-3) MAUD ARDERNE, b. on 2 July 1396[24], daughter of (BS-2) Sir John; m. (2) about 1424 in Elford, Staff, England ELIZABETH LANGTON. |
Generation Eleven
15. WILLIAM11 DE STANLEY (William10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1) of Hooton, son of (10) William10 and (VP-3) Margery (de HOOTON) STANLEY, was born between 1367/8 and 1381[51] in Cheadle[51], and died between 1425 and 1491[49] of Hooton[49].
He married (BT-7) MARGARET ARDERNE, daughter of (BT-6) Peter and (GX-2) Cecily (BREDBURY) DE ARDERNE, who was born about 1386 in Aldford.
[50]
Children:
16. SIR JOHN11 STANLEY (John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1) of Burbage, son of (11) Sir John10 and (G-23) Isabelle (de LATHAM), was born in 1386 of Burbage, and died about 1440[9].
He married ISABEL HARINGTON.
[8, 11, 16, 20, 32, 40, 48]
Constable of Cornavon; Justice of Cheshire and Sheriff of Anglesey (R&E)
Knight[4]
Child:
17. THOMAS11 STANLEY (John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1) of Elford, Staffordshire, son of (11) Sir John10 and (G-23) Isabelle (de LATHAM), was born between 1369/70 and 1399, and died on 13 May 1463[24].
He married (1st) before 1 May 1413[24], (BS-3) MAUD ARDERNE, daughter of (BS-2) Sir John, who was born on 2 July 1396[24].
He married (2nd) in Elford, Staff, England, about 1424, ELIZABETH LANGTON.
[25, 44]
Child of:
Thomas11 STANLEY and Maud ARDERNE:
+ | 23 | i. | JOHN12 STANLEY of Elford, Staffordshire, b. before 1423[26] of Elford, Staffordshire[48]; d. about 1480; m. in 1428[26] CICELY ARDERNE. |
Child of:
Thomas11 STANLEY and Elizabeth LANGTON:
Generation Twelve
21. SIR WILLIAM12 STANLEY (William11,
William10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1) of Hooton, son of (15) William11 and (BT-7) Margaret (ARDERNE) DE STANLEY, was born between 1389/90 and 1395[51] of Hooton[51], and died in 1465[51].
He married in Hooton, ALICIA HOUGHTON of Hooton, who was born about 1387[51] of Hooton[51].
[41, 50]
Children:
+ | 25 | i. | ISABEL13 DE STANLEY of Hooton, b. about 1413[51] of Hooton[51]; d. about 1490; m. (ARF-13) ROBERT LEGH of Adlington, Cheshire, d. in 1479[51], son of (ARF-10) Robert and Maud (_____) LEGH. |
| 26 | ii. | JANE STANLEY Of Hotton, Cheshire, b. about 1410 Of Hotton; d. about 1450. |
| 27 | iii. | WILLIAM STANLEY Of Hooton, b. about 1433 Of Hooton; d. on 3 March 1512. |
22. THOMAS12 STANLEY, 1ST LORD STANLEY (John11,
John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1), son of (16) Sir John11 and Isabel (HARINGTON), was born in 1406 in Latham, and died on 11 FEB 1458/9.
He married (SU-2) JOAN GOUSHILL, daughter of (SU-1) Sir Robert and (QJ-17) Elizabeth (FITZ ALAN), who died about 1500.
[8, 12, 15, 17, 19, 33, 35]
knighted 1456; Lord Lieut. of Ireland for 6 years; 1456 summoned to Parliament
as Lord Stanley of Latham and Knowsley. Later he became Comptroller of the
household of Henry VI; installed as Knight of the Garter 14 Mar 1457. (R&E)
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 14301; Chamberlain of North Wales, Forester of
Macclesfield 1439; Justice of the County of Chester, Flintshire, and North
Wales 1448; and of Lancaster; Warden of Calais 1451; Member of Parliament
1455/56; knight of the Garter 1457. (R&E)[4]
Children:
23. JOHN12 STANLEY (Thomas11,
John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1) of Elford, Staffordshire, son of (17) Thomas11 and (BS-3) Maud (ARDERNE) STANLEY, was born before 1423[26] of Elford, Staffordshire[48], and died between 1435 and 1524.
He married in 1428[26], CICELY ARDERNE.
[43]
Child:
+ | 30 | i. | SIR JOHN13 STANLEY of Elford, Warwickshire, England, b. about 1446[26] of Elford, Warwickshire[39]; d. on 22 Nov. 1508[26]. |
24. GEORGE12 STANLEY (Thomas11,
John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1), son of (17) Thomas11 and Elizabeth (LANGTON) STANLEY, was born about 1440[34], died about 1508[34] and was buried in Lichfield, Staffordshire[34].
He married in Lichfield, Staff, England, in 1469, (AOC-9) ELEANOR SUTTON of Dudley Castle, daughter of (AOC-8) John VI, [baron Dudley] and (H-16) Elizabeth (BERKELEY), who was born about 1439 of Dudley Castle.
[23]
Child:
+ | 31 | i. | JOHN13 STANLEY, b. about 1470 in Lichfield, Staff, England; d. on 7 Oct. 1534 in Bromwich Hall, Staff, England; m. (RJ-2) CECILY FREEBODY, b. in West Bromwich, Staff, England about 1474, d. on 6 May 1552, daughter of (RJ-1) Richard and _____ , [freebody] FREEBODY. |
Generation Thirteen
25. ISABEL13 DE STANLEY (William12,
William11,
William10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1) of Hooton, daughter of (21) Sir William12 and Alicia (HOUGHTON), was born about 1413[51] of Hooton[51], and died between 1452 and 1533.
She married (ARF-13) ROBERT LEGH of Adlington, son of (ARF-10) Robert and Maud (_____) LEGH, who died in 1479[51].
[41, 50]
Children:
28. _____ STANLEY (Thomas12,
John11,
John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1), son of (22) Thomas12, 1st Lord Stanley and (SU-2) Joan (GOUSHILL), was born between 1419/20 and 1459/60, and died between 1433/4 and 1568/9.
[8]
Child:
29. KATHERINE13 STANLEY (Thomas12,
John11,
John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1), daughter of (22) Thomas12, 1st Lord Stanley and (SU-2) Joan (GOUSHILL), was born between 1419/20 and 1459/60, and died between 1433/4 and 1568/9.
She married (AKR-15) SIR JOHN SAVAGE of Clifton, son of (AKR-13) Sir John and Eleanor (BRERETON), who was born about 1422[13] of Clifton[13], and died on 22 Nov. 1495[13].
[14, 21, 29, 36, 38, 39]
Children:
30. SIR JOHN13 STANLEY (John12,
Thomas11,
John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1) of Elford, Warwickshire, son of (23) John12 and Cicely (ARDERNE) STANLEY, was born about 1446[26] of Elford, Warwickshire[39], died on 22 Nov. 1508[26] and was buried in Northenden, Cheshire[26].
[42]
Child:
31. JOHN13 STANLEY (George12,
Thomas11,
John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1), son of (24) George12 and (AOC-9) Eleanor (SUTTON) STANLEY, was born about 1470 in Lichfield, Staff, England, and died on 7 Oct. 1534 in Bromwich Hall, Staff, England.
He married in West Bromwich, Warwick, Staffordshire, (RJ-2) CECILY FREEBODY, daughter of (RJ-1) Richard and _____ , [freebody] FREEBODY, who was born about 1474 in West Bromwich, Staff, England, and died on 6 May 1552.
[34, 51]
Child:
+ | 34 | i. | ELIZABETH14 STANLEY, b. about 1513 in West Bromwich, Staff, England; d. about 1600/1; m. (ZW-4) ROGER LYTTELTON, ESQ. of Groveley, Worcestershire, England, b. of Groveley[27] about 1525[1], d. between 1 Jan. and 11 Jan. 1589[27], son of (ZW-3) John, Esq. and (AOL-11) Elizabeth (TALBOT). |
Generation Fourteen
32. _____ STANLEY (_____13,
Thomas12,
John11,
John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1), son of (28) _____ STANLEY, was born between 1472/3 and 1539, and died between 1532 and 1649.
[8]
Child:
+ | 35 | i. | PETER15 STANLEY of Ashford, Kent, England, b. about 1543 of Ashford; d. about 1620; m. about 1571 of Ashford (ABZ-2) JOANE MASTERTON of Ashford, b. of Ashford about 1543, daughter of (ABZ-1) Richard and Joane (BECHYNG) MASTERTON. |
33. ANNE14 STANLEY (John13,
John12,
Thomas11,
John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1), daughter of (30) Sir John13, was born between 1449/50 and 1499, and died between 1463/4 and 1609.
She married (AKR-17) SIR CHRISTOPHER SAVAGE, son of (AKR-15) Sir John and (29) Katherine13 (STANLEY), who died in 1513[39].
[30, 39]
Child:
34. ELIZABETH14 STANLEY (John13,
George12,
Thomas11,
John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1), daughter of (31) John13 and (RJ-2) Cecily (FREEBODY) STANLEY, was born about 1513 in West Bromwich, Staff, England, and died between 1528/9 and 1633.
She married (ZW-4) ROGER LYTTELTON, ESQ. of Groveley, son of (ZW-3) John, Esq. and (AOL-11) Elizabeth (TALBOT), who was born about 1525[1] of Groveley[27], and died between 1 Jan. and 11 Jan. 1589[27].
[28, 51]
Child:
Generation Fifteen
35. PETER15 STANLEY (_____14,
_____13,
Thomas12,
John11,
John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1) of Ashford, son of (32) _____ STANLEY, was born about 1543 of Ashford, and died between 1571 and 1663.
He married of Ashford, about 1571, (ABZ-2) JOANE MASTERTON of Ashford, daughter of (ABZ-1) Richard and Joane (BECHYNG) MASTERTON, who was born about 1543 of Ashford.
The Richardson - Ellsworth Genealogy provides no source information, and contains two generations of just "Stanley" prior to this point whereupon it connects to a royal line. This connection seems extremely suspect.
Furthermore, Douglas Richardson does not list the immigrant Mary Stanley as a descendant of Joan Goushill:
http://groups.google.com/groups?q=goushill+stanley+group:soc.genealogy.medieval+group:soc.genealogy.medieval&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&group=soc.genealogy.medieval&selm=5cf47a19.0307010921.b217798%40posting.google.com&rnum=1[8]
Child:
+ | 36 | i. | JOHN16 STANLEY, bp. on 9 March 1572 in Ashford; d. about Aug. 1619; m. on 1 June 1590 in Ashford SUSAN LANCOCK, b. in Ashford about 1474, d. about 1601. |
Generation Sixteen
36. JOHN16 STANLEY (Peter15,
_____14,
_____13,
Thomas12,
John11,
John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1), son of (35) Peter15 and (ABZ-2) Joane (MASTERTON) STANLEY, was christened on 9 March 1572 in Ashford, and was buried on 10 Sept. 1619.
He married in Ashford, on 1 June 1590, SUSAN LANCOCK, who was born about 1474 in Ashford, and died about 1601.
[2, 8]
Child:
+ | 37 | i. | THOMAS17 STANLEY, bp. on 20 Oct. 1597 in Ashford; d. on 30 June 1663 in Hartford, Hartford Co., Connecticut, United States; m. on 3 Aug. 1630 in Ashford (AQB-3) BENIDICTA TRITTON, b. in Ashford on 1 Aug. 1609, d. about 1664, daughter of (AQB-2) Daniel and (SM-3) Alice (GOLDHATCH) TRITTON. |
Generation Seventeen
37. THOMAS17 STANLEY (John16,
Peter15,
_____14,
_____13,
Thomas12,
John11,
John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1), son of (36) John16 and Susan (LANCOCK) STANLEY, was christened on 20 Oct. 1597 in Ashford, and died on 30 June 1663 in Hartford.
He married in Ashford, on 3 Aug. 1630, (AQB-3) BENIDICTA TRITTON, daughter of (AQB-2) Daniel and (SM-3) Alice (GOLDHATCH) TRITTON, who was born on 1 Aug. 1609 in Ashford, was christened in 1609, and died about 1664.
[3, 6, 18, 22]
Came from England in the ship Planter in 1635, removed to Hartford, Conn., on its settlement 1636 as one of its first planters.
(R&E): His name is on the Hartford Founder's Monument. Freeman 1635; Constable
1644, 1648, 1653; juryman; member of the General Court of Lynn, Mass. 1635.
Child:
+ | 38 | i. | MARY18 STANLEY of Ashford, bp. on 2 FEB 1633/4 of Ashford; d. on 13 Sept. 1688[22] in Windsor, Hartford Co.[22]; m. in 1650[22] (AHX-5) JOHN PORTER, chr. in Felsted, Essex, England on 26 May 1632, d. in Windsor[22] on 2 Aug. 1688[22], son of (AHX-4) John and (ATM-14) Anna (WHITE) PORTER. |
Generation Eighteen
38. MARY18 STANLEY (Thomas17,
John16,
Peter15,
_____14,
_____13,
Thomas12,
John11,
John10,
William9,
John8,
William7,
Adam6,
William5,
William4,
William3,
Adam2,
Adam1) of Ashford, daughter of (37) Thomas17 and (AQB-3) Benidicta (TRITTON) STANLEY, was christened on 2 FEB 1633/4 of Ashford, and died on 13 Sept. 1688[22] in Windsor[22].
She married in 1650[22], (AHX-5) JOHN PORTER, son of (AHX-4) John and (ATM-14) Anna (WHITE) PORTER, who was christened on 26 May 1632 in Felsted, and died on 2 Aug. 1688[22] in Windsor[22].
[5, 37]
Child:
1. Michel L.Call, Royal Ancestry Bible (Salt Lake City, Utah: Heritage Creations, 2005), 3185.
2. International Genealogical Index, CD-ROM database (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1997).
3. R. R. Hinman, First Puritan Settlers (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1968), 74; digital images, Archive.org (http://www.archive.org).
4. Ruth Ellsworth Richardson, Samuel Richardson, 1602-1658 and Josiah Ellsworth, 1629-1689, some descendants (Eugene, Oregon?: R.E. Richardson, 1974).
5. Ibid., 476, 717.
6. Ibid., 476,716,717.
7. Ibid., 715.
8. Ibid., 716.
9. Frederick Lewis Weis, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, 7th ed. (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1999).
10. Ibid., (57-34+).
11. Ibid., (57-35).
12. Ibid., (57-36, 233-36).
13. Ibid., (57-37+).
14. Ibid., (57-37, 233-37).
15. J. Orton Buck and Timothy Field Beard, Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants, Vol. III (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1978), 147.
16. Aileen Lewers Langston and J. Orton Buck, Jr., Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants, Vol. II (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1974), 100.
17. Ibid., 100, 204.
18. Frederick Adams Virkus, ed., Immigrant Ancestors (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1942), 62.
19. Frederick Lewis Weis, The Magna Charta Sureties, 1215, 5th ed. (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1999), (103-10, 106-10).
20. Ibid., (103-9).
21. Ibid., (106-11).
22. Arthur Amasa Porter, John Porter and His Descendants (Portage, Wisconsin: No publisher, 1933), 6.
23. Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2004), 278, 773.
24. Ibid., 283.
25. Ibid., 283, 773.
26. Ibid., 284.
27. Ibid., 616.
28. Ibid., 616, 773.
29. Ibid., 638, 680.
30. Ibid., 639.
31. Ibid., 677.
32. Ibid., 678.
33. Ibid., 679.
34. Ibid., 773.
35. Gary Boyd Roberts, Royal Descents of 500 Immigrants (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2002), 238, 245, 253, etc..
36. Ibid., 238, 253, 255, 274.
37. Elisha S. Loomis, Descendants of Joseph Loomis in America and His Antecedents in the Old World (Berea, Ohio: Loomis, 1909), 137; digital images, Archive.org (http://www.archive.org).
38. George Francis Savage-Armstrong, The ancient and noble family of the Savages of the Ards (London: M. Ward & Co., 1888), 20; digital images, Archive.org (http://www.archive.org).
39. Ross Boothe, Jr., "Pynchon Blood Royal," The American Genealogist 39 (1963): 86-89, specifically 88.
40. Frederic Madden, Bulkeley Bandinel, and John Gough Nichols, Collectanea Topographica Et Genealogica, Volume 7 (London: John Bowyer Nichols and Son, 1841), 20; digital images, Archive.org (http://www.archive.org : accessed 6 March 2011).
41. Robert Glover and William Flower, The Visitation of Cheshire in the Year 1580 (London: No publisher, 1882), 151; digital images, Archive.org (http://www.archive.org : accessed 8 March 2011).
42. Ibid., 17.
43. Ibid., 17, 213.
44. Ibid., 17. 213.
45. Ibid., 212, 213.
46. Ibid., 212, 214.
47. Ibid., 212, 215.
48. Ibid., 213.
49. Ibid., 215.
50. Created by FamilySearch (tm) Internet Genealogy Service
51. Ancestral File, CD-ROM database (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1998).